A word or phrase is redundant when it repeats information the reader already has and serves no useful purpose in that context. If you gave a demonstration once and then gave it a second time, We repeated the demonstration gives readers that information. Adding again can make it sound as though there was a third demonstration.
Check what each word adds
- End result. In The end result was a shorter wait, the result names the outcome. If a passage distinguishes intermediate results from a final one, keep the word that signals which result you mean.
- Joined together. In We joined the two boards together, joined already expresses the connection.
- Brief summary. A requested brief summary may set a shorter length than a regular summary. Keep brief if that distinction matters.
Keep repetition that helps readers
Read the sentence once with the repeated word and once without it. If the meaning and effect hold, you can trim it. Repeating a key noun can support cohesion, and deliberate repetition can add emphasis.
